How Do Camera In Videogames Work

Source: Super Mario 64 (Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, 1996).

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the most mutual camera issues of 3rd-person games. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of various 3D games that use the third-person view perspective is carried out. In addition, solutions and workarounds will exist presented which serve the development of a robust camera system.

First, the basics of a virtual photographic camera organisation are elaborated. In addition, the different behaviours of cameras are presented. A comparative analysis of several third-person games will listing the about common issues and particularly positive examples. Finally, solutions will be presented which can exist used for the evolution of a photographic camera organization.

Chapter i: Basics of Game Camera Views and Systems

In order for a player to participate and human activity in a video game, he must be able to perceive the environment of the video game (Thorn, 2013, p. 10). He must be able to see what is happening and react accordingly. This game globe is communicated to the role player through the lens of a virtual camera located at a certain position and oriented in a certain way in the environment.

1.1 Camera Systems

The term photographic camera system includes various components combined to allow the video game to control how the virtual world is presented to the histrion (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 28). It is a central component within the game engine and performs the following tasks, among others:

• The management of active cameras and their transitions;
• Use of specific camera behaviours that dictate the position, movement and orientation of the cameras;
• Control over changing camera behaviors based on gameplay requirements.

ane.2 Photographic camera Behaviours

By camera behaviour one means the combination of photographic camera characteristics (e.g. required position, field of view, movement characteristics, etc.) which controls the displayed game world (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 29).

i.2.1 What is a First-Person View?

In the First-Person View, the camera is located inside the eyes of the chief character (Reeves & Read, 2009, p. 97). You tin can't run into the face of your ain main character, simply in certain cases trunk parts can be visible (e.g. the feet of the main character if you await down).

Fig. 1: Halo 5: Guardians - First-Person View Case

Source: Halo Waypoint (2015); Halo 5: Guardians (343 Industries, 2015).

The commencement-person view gives the thespian the feeling of existence "in the shoes" of the main character (Chacon, 2017, p. 43). This makes a video game feel more real. The disadvantage of this camera style is the limited field of vision, like to real life. The player merely sees a very limited role of the 3D landscape and oftentimes doesn't have the possibility to switch to unlike perspectives.

1.2.2 What is a Second-Person View?

The 2d-person view describes the view of a primary grapheme through the eyes of another grapheme (Perry & DeMaria, 2009, p. 33). A good case of such a second-person view can exist plant in the video game Battletoads (Rare Ltd., 1991), which was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System (Douglass, 2007, p. 147). Fifty-fifty before you lot see your opponent in a fight, the view changes to the second person view. This means that you see the fight from the opponent's point of view. But you still control the main grapheme, so the player has to aim the attacks at the screen he looks through himself. The following picture illustrates this view:

Fig. 2: Battletoads - Example of a Second-Person View

Source: Behemothic Bomb (2017); Battletoads (Rare Ltd., 1991).

1.2.3 What is a Third-Person View?

A camera beliefs in which the camera is separated from the focus of the principal character is called a tertiary person view (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 52). Sometimes, this camera behavior is also called a bird's middle view, since the game globe is not viewed from the eyes of the chief character, just from the perspective of an external position. The weaknesses of the showtime-person camera are the strengths of the third-person camera: In contrast to the first-person view, the actor has a much wider field of view with this photographic camera behavior, he tin can come across his main graphic symbol as a whole and tin can view the 3D landscape from unlike perspectives (Chacon, 2017, p. 43f.). If a fight takes place in the video game, the third-person view offers the player a meliorate overview, since he can see the whole environment, including which opponents are behind or adjacent to him. And then he tin defend himself ameliorate.

In contrast to the beginning-person view, the third-person view allows the human relationship betwixt the main character and the environment to exist improve demonstrated (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 52). This allows more intense interactions in games where the game world is an important part of the gameplay. Super Mario 64 (Nintendo EAD, 1996), a game of the "3D Platformer" genre, is one of the earliest games to employ this view, and is now considered a prime example of third-person viewing. Particularly in this game, the photographic camera was integrated into the game as a graphic symbol: Lakitu, a character who is visible from time to fourth dimension, follows Mario during the game (Nitsche, 2008, p. 96). The game allowed the player to control Lakitu's photographic camera, assuasive Mario and the game world to be viewed closely. Such games require that the master grapheme and the camera be controlled simultaneously by the player (Nitsche, 2008, p. 97).

Fig. 3: Super Mario 64 - 3rd-Person View Example

Source: Nintendo (2006); Super Mario 64 (Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, 1996).

A third person camera has an enormous influence on the visual representation in the game. If the camera is completely controlled past the thespian and the game world can therefore be explored exactly, the game globe is no longer but the "background" of an image (Nitsche, 2008, p. 97).

The tertiary-person camera is often used in certain situations in games that mainly employ the first-person view (Adams, 2010, p. 412). For example, in Halo (Bungie Studios, 2001), the view changes from first-person to third-person when the principal character enters a vehicle. This triggers a modify in photographic camera behavior as the vehicle temporarily becomes the chief character controlled by the actor.

The implementation of a third-person camera tin can be more than complex from a game design perspective than the implementation of a first-person camera (Chacon, 2017, p. 44). Since you don't see the chief character of the start-person photographic camera, just merely the easily and weapons, you lot too need less character animations. The tertiary person camera, on the other paw, requires a complete animation of the character, e.1000. for running, crawling, jumping, etc.

Chapter 2: Tertiary-Person Camera Positions

3rd-Person Camera Views aren't always in the same identify. In this chapter the various ways of positioning the camera will be showcased and explained thoroughly.

2.1 Position of the Camera in the Video Game Environment

By definition, third person cameras are not "in the eyes" of the chief character, only in an external position, "outside" of the character (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219). In many si-tuations it is necessary that the camera position takes over the viewing direction of the main graphic symbol. This allows an unobstructed view of the game world. The following ii camera positions are mutual in practice:

Fig. 4: Camera behind and above the main graphic symbol, centered

Source: Gearnuke (2017); Assassin's Creed: Syndicate (Ubisoft Quebec, 2015).

Fig. 5: Photographic camera at shoulder height of the main character, non centered, just slightly to the left or right of information technology

Source: Moby Games (2009); Batman Arkham Asylum (Rocksteady Studios, 2009).

There are several reasons for centering a third person camera perspective. If a character (or an object) is centered within the limerick, i.e. in the center of the representation, it is given a key pregnant (Solarski, 2017, p.xxx). The positioning of the camera thus has a major influence on the narrative of the story. When choosing the camera positioning, visual and narrative aspects accept to exist taken into account.

2.2 Variants of Camera Control

At that place are several ways to control the photographic camera. The variants of the photographic camera controls are beginning divided into three categories:Automated,Player Control andHybrid.

2.3 Automated

There are some video games where the unabridged control of the photographic camera is taken over past the programming of the game, making information technology impossible for the player to command the camera (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219). This may be necessary to ensure that the camera remains in the game globe, but in most cases the goal is to salvage the player the try of decision-making the camera.

Since the course of the automated camera tin can be controlled, the camera allows to set a special focus in a certain situation, e.g. on a sure object or target.

The disadvantages of an automatic camera control are that the thespian may feel impaired and that great intendance is required during game development so that the camera tin display all possible gameplay situations (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219).

two.iv Player Control

3rd person games often allow the player to control the camera to a sure degree (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219). Even so, at that place are often restrictions on how much con-trol the actor has.

In racing games, predefined views of camera alternatives often be, e.thou. the one from within the car (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219). The role player can and then only movement the came-ra slightly within this predefined view.

Video games in the genre of "massively multi-player online games" (MMOG), on the other hand, allow the thespian full control over the photographic camera, both while strolling through the game world and outside the game world (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 219). However, such great liberty with regard to camera command is not recommended in the literature. There is a risk that the game globe will be represented inappropriately.

2.five Hybrid

With the hybrid version, the bulk of the camera control is automated. However, the player is still given the option of controlling the photographic camera himself to a limited extent (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 220).

For case, a hybrid variant is the following: The player has the possibility to rotate the camera to perceive the environment (Haigh-Hutchinson, 2009, p. 220). Equally soon as the thespian stops using the camera rotation, the camera positions itself again at the programmed location.

Chapter 3: Third-Person Cameras in Comparison

The following chapter shows the nearly mutual problems of third-person cameras based on a comparative analysis.

3.1 Central Trouble Fields

The comparison of different video games shows that in that location are many issues and difficulties with regard to third person cameras. The main bug can be summarized as follows.

3.1.1 Non-Centered Photographic camera

In Elder Scrolls Online (ZeniMax Online Studios, 2014) the third person camera (Player Control variant) is located at shoulder level of the main grapheme. It is slightly starting time to the right. In the eye of the screen in that location is a targeting deejay, which represents the centre of the camera view, and not the center from view of the chief grapheme.

If the player wants to run through a goal, he aims the disc at the open up column. Since the camera is offset, the master character will not laissez passer through properly, merely volition either run into the door and go stuck, or the camera will bounce off the other door, which could affright the player.

Fig. 6: Elderberry Scrolls Online – Targeting Deejay Offset

Source: Elderberry Scrolls Online (ZeniMax Online Studios, 2014).

During a fight, the player targets an opponent by ways of the targeting disc, only he will miss him, considering the discis the eye of the camera view, but not the center from the point of view of the main character. The photographic camera is not centered on the character. The player is therefore forced to alter the position of the main graphic symbol then that information technology looks at the opponent, even if the target is to the correct of the opponent.

Fig. 7: Elder Scrolls Online – Targeting Disc in a Fight

Source: Elder Scrolls Online (ZeniMax Online Studios, 2014).

In The Last Guardian (genDESIGN and SIE Japan Studio, 2016) there are 2 main characters, only one of which can exist controlled directly by the thespian. The secondary character follows the main graphic symbol and listens to his commands, such every bit attacking a target. It is much larger than the main character and does not fit into the full camera view of the main character. The camera follows the main character every bit he walks. Still, when the thespian stands still and wants to wait at the surroundings, the camera ofttimes focuses on the secondary graphic symbol. It is therefore a variant of the hybrid camera command arrangement. This prevents the player from exploring the game globe and is forced to constantly adjust the camera.

three.1.2 Camera is Covered by Objects

A very mutual trouble is that the photographic camera is covered by objects. An case is the tertiary person camera in Final Fantasy Fifteen (Square Enix Business organisation Sectionalization two, 2016). This is designed at shoulder height of the principal grapheme and tin can exist controlled by the thespian (Player Command). The environs in this video game is rich in flora and animate being. The problem is that the camera is often hidden by trees, leaves and plants. The player must constantly ad-but the camera himself to ameliorate his viewof the game earth and to empathize what is going on. This trouble of the hidden camera tin be very annoying for a player. In particu-lar, the game Terminal Fantasy XV offers a very large, open game world (Open up-world). The ex-ploration of this world is a large, important function of the gameplay. If the camera is constantly covered by the copse and bushes of the landscape, this disturbs the actor. Furthermore, information technology tin happen that the camera is hidden in the heart of a fight confronting ane (or more than) oppo-nents, and then that the thespian can no longer encounter what is actually happening. This mode the actor cannot defend himself properly and cannot command his attacks properly.

Fig. 8: Final Fantasy Fifteen - Camera is Hidden

Source: Windows Key (2016); Final Fantasy Xv (Foursquare Enix Concern Division two, 2016).

3.ane.3 Camera bounces off Objects

Assassin's Creed Syndicate (Ubisoft Quebec, 2015) has a tertiary person camera as histrion control variant, which is located behind and to a higher place the main character. The video game takes place in London, with many non-playable characters (NPC's) and narrow alleys. As a outcome, the camera often bounces off objects and walls, which can irritate the player.

Dark Souls 3 (From Software, 2016) has the aforementioned tertiary-person photographic camera, which is much likewise close to the main graphic symbol. In this game in that location are often fights with huge opponents. The camera oft clings to the legs of these enemies or bounces off the walls in tight environments. This tin can make these fights a lot more than difficult, which wasn't even conceived during the development of the game.

Cameras frequently have a "Sphere Collider", which is often the cause of this problem. The following figure shows how a "Sphere Collider" works:

Fig. 9: Sphere Collider – Unreal Engine 4

Source: Unreal Engine 4, developed by Epic Games.

A Sphere Collider is an implicitly divers and invisible sphere (Ericson, 2004, p. x). Schematically information technology can exist represented every bit a virtual sphere with an interior space and outline that bounces off other objects, provided they too have a collider.

iii.1.4 Take chances of Kinetosis

Kinetosis or nausea is besides called travel sickness considering it occurs mainly when travelling by ship or plane (Stoffregen, Yoshida, Villard, Scibora, 2010, p. 169). However, information technology tin can also occur with gamers. There are various theories on the causes of kinetosis, but most of them assume that the cause is an intersensory conflict (Stoffregen, Yoshida, Villard, Scibora, 2010, p. 170). The messages of the different sensors do not fit together (Scherer, 2013, p. 175). The role player hardly moves himself, merely he looks at the game in which he moves his principal graphic symbol. Other theories dealing with kinetosis in VR games focus on the fact that movement command is limited (Riccio & Stoffregen, 1991, p. 195).

Gears of War iv (Black Tusk Studios, 2016) has a tertiary-person camera, which is located at shoulder level of the main character and can be controlled past the player (Player Control). Although the camera is non in the eyes of the chief character, the camera wobbles during running and sprinting, as is oftentimes the case in first-person games. The connection betwixt the character animation and the photographic camera shake gives the player a sense of realism and assailment (Solarski, 2017, p. 21). This can lead to the histrion becoming nauseous due to the constant movement of the camera (GDC Vault, 2014).

The cause of nausea when playing are the photographic camera movements. The developer Tsurumi Roppyaku emphasizes that especially the lateral photographic camera rotations and the way in which the camera follows the main graphic symbol are difficult (Isbister & Schaffer, 2011, p. 171). In his opinion, a camera that goes up and down and rotates is particularly problematic. Furthermore, too fast or as well slow a camera movement can lead to nausea.

Fig. 10: Gears of War 4 (Photographic camera Shake)

Source: Gamezone (2015); Gears of War 4 (The Coalition, 2017).

Chapter 4: Solutions for a robust Tertiary-Person Camera View-System

This chapter presents, based on a comparative analysis, solutions to the problems listed in the previous affiliate.

4.1 Suggested Solutions

In the sections that follow, various solutions are proposed for the problem areas identified on the basis of the comparative analysis.

4.1.1 Problems of non-centered Cameras

Batman Arkahm Asylum (Rocksteady Studios, 2009) presents a robust hybrid solution for games where the camera is not centered. As the player explores the world, the camera is outset to the correct. In this example the actor can control the camera himself. Every bit soon as a fight begins, the camera zooms out and centers itself so that the role player tin can attack the opponent unhindered.

Fig. 11: Batman Arkham Aviary - Photographic camera Centered in Battle

Source: Moby Games (2009); Batman Arkham Aviary (Rocksteady Studios, 2009).

Furthermore, the camera of Batman Arkahm Asylum (Rocksteady Studios, 2009) centers itself while the main character sprints. If the chief character is running comfortably through the game globe, the camera is close to the character, so that all objects can be seen exactly. When sprinting, still, information technology's probably more important to go on the overview and so that the role player tin encounter where to abscond.

The trouble with the third-person camera in Elderberry Scrolls Online (ZeniMax Online Studios, 2014) caused players to create a fan-created add-on that implements a camera control similar to the one described in a higher place (Esoui, 2017). As before long every bit the main character hits an opponent, the camera automatically centers itself, but without zooming any farther out. The fact that players have created such an add together-on on their ain initiative and with their own means shows that this is an annoying camera problem that is basically easy to gear up.

iv.one.ii Curtained Cameras Trouble Areas

In the following sections, solutions to the problem of the concealed camera will be suggested.

iv.one.2.1 Geometry Dithering

At that place are many copse and plants in the earth of The Witcher 3: Wild Chase (CD Project Scarlet, 2015). So as non to obscure the camera by the fauna, the game has a procedure that makes objects close to the camera announced transparent. The view is no longer obscured for the histrion and the progression of the camera appears smooth. The development studio called Gears for Breakfast also makes use of this procedure, which they call "Geometry Dithering" (Mashable, 2017). Still, this term does non seem to be established, as no other materials tin be institute.

The following analogy from the video game The Witcher three: Wild Chase (CD Project Ruby, 2015) shows how the bushes get transparent and how the main character can be seen through them.

 Fig. 12: Witcher iii - Geometry Dithering

Source: The Witcher three: Wild Hunt (CD project RED., 2015).

4.i.2.two Silhouette

In Super Mario Sunshine (Nintendo EAD, 2002), the main character can ofttimes exist obscured past walls or objects. This is intended considering there are objects or switches behind the walls. A nighttime silhouette shines through the wall so that the role player doesn't lose sight of the principal character.

This is not a camera problem equally such, equally the main character and not the camera is cover-ed. At best, this could also be used as a solution for a subconscious camera.

Fig. 13: Super Mario Sunshine - Silhouette

Source: Super Mario Sunshine (Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Evolution, 2002).

4.one.2.3 "Cutting-Out" View

Video game cameras often have a "Sphere Collider" which causes the camera to bounciness off objects. This can atomic number 82 to numerous problems, as explained in chapter 3.1.3.

The video game For Honor (Ubisoft Montreal, 2017) contains a suggested solution to this problem. There the camera can fly through objects and walls. In social club for the player to still meet the game globe, a special view is used (called "Cut-Out View" for this article). At the edge of the screen it is indicated that you are actually inside the object with the camera.

Fig. 14: Cut-Out View

Source: YouTube (2017); For Laurels (Ubisoft Montreal, 2017).

Thank you to this solution, a main graphic symbol tin can walk through narrow alleys with a streamlined camera without the camera bouncing off anywhere. The player can also always see what's happening in front of his main grapheme in the game.

4.one.3 «Camera Whiskers»

A Lid In Time was an Indie Video Game under development at Gears for Breakfast. Its developers have published their solutions to the existing photographic camera problems. Based on an interview with Mashable they bear witness that they use a process called "Camera Whiskers" (Mashable, 2017). This allows the photographic camera to detect if the primary character is near an object. The process and so defines how the camera can bypass this object so that the player'south view is not affected.

4.1.four The Problem of Nausea

Co-ordinate to video game programmer Tsurumi Roppyaku, a stabilized camera is the best solution to prevent nausea (Isbister & Schaffer, 2011, p. 172). The player gets sick if the camera moves too precisely with the movements of the main character. For case, a camera can be used as a solution that follows the primary character, but only moves when the chief character has exceeded a sure height with its motion in the corresponding viewport (Isbister & Schaffer, 2011, p. 172). If, for example, a player jumps, the camera moves with a delay, i.e. higher up a certain height of the leap.

Technically, this can be achieved with the help of a camera nail (Isbister & Schaffer, 2011, p. 172). In the Unreal Engine 4 software, this looks as follows:

Fig. fifteen: Unreal Camera Boom

Source: Unreal Engine four, developed past Epic Games.

The result is a camera that is connected to the primary character via camera blast. It doesn't follow the main graphic symbol too precisely, which can exist regulated by programming. The camera smash also exists in reality. The camera boom is controlled past a human person, as the following picture shows:

Fig. 16: Real Camera Blast

Source: Hague Photographic camera Supports (2017).

The camera smash in Unreal Engine four really works in the same way. In reality, the person controls the photographic camera with a nail. In video games, on the other hand, the histrion controls the camera using an analog stick, which is then continued to the principal character via the camera boom.

In this way information technology is possible to implement a photographic camera that follows the movements of the master character without making the player sick. This is not a stock-still camera, but a hybrid photographic camera behavior. The player has the possibility to command the photographic camera that follows him to a sure degree. The movements of the camera, withal, are regulated by appropriate programming.

Another point that must be taken into account when developing a video game camera is its speed (Isbister & Schaffer, 2011, p. 171f.). A camera movement that is as well fast or as well deadening can also lead to nausea. The difficulty in setting the speed is to observe the perfect balance. Presumably this can only be accomplished past frequent quality testing and constant trial and error.

four.1.5 Fixed Photographic camera

Super Mario 3D World (Nintendo EAD Tokyo, 2013) is a third-person game that uses a stock-still camera of the Automatic blazon. Although the before games of the 3D Mario series used a costless-moving photographic camera, this improver to the series has a fixed camera.

Such a fixed photographic camera gives the actor a complete overview of the game globe. The advantage is that casual players do not accept to accept the trouble to command the camera manually. Furthermore, the player can better estimate the distance between two plat-forms he has to jump over thanks to the better overview.

The stock-still camera is often underestimated, although it offers numerous advantages (GDC Vault, 2014). Information technology results in a more stable epitome, preventing many of the problems mentioned in Chapter 3. While in games with freely moving cameras objects often block the camera (unintentionally), the fixed photographic camera ever offers a clear view of the game world. Due to its fixed position, which is determined by the game developer, it does not bounciness off other objects. Cheers to the stable camera, a player doesn't go nauseous while playing.

God of War (SCE Santa Monica Studio, 2005) is another example of a fixed camera. If a stock-still photographic camera is used, the developers have the option of designing the view in such a mode that, equally with God of State of war, a cinematic feeling is conveyed (Hellblade, 2016). However, this means that every role of the photographic camera'southward environment must be adapted, which may cost many additional development hours. In add-on, numerous quality tests must be perfor-med.

Some other challenge is to make the transitions between several cameras seamless and fluid (Hellblade, 2016). Example: The main character is in a building. A camera is used to represent the inside of the building. The primary character then climbs out through a window. And so the camera has to be inverse from the one inside the edifice to the camera outside the building. In God of War this is represented past a "hard cutting", which is ofttimes used in the film manufacture (Hockrow, 2014, p.120). This changes from one scene to the adjacent.

However, a fixed camera does not permit a histrion to freely explore the game world. Since in some games with such a camera (encounter Super Mario 3D-Globe) the zooming is not provided, the player cannot view the objects from shut upwardly. In that location is thus a greater distance between the histrion and the main character, which may besides have an event on the storytelling aspect.

four.one.half-dozen Job Position of the Person responsible for the Photographic camera

The question arises as to who is responsible for the photographic camera system as part of a video game projection. Commonly many departments are involved, e.g. programmers, artists and UX de-signers.

The development studio thatgamecompany has an employee named John Nesky who carries the title "feel engineer" (develop, 2014). He was responsible for the camera system in Journey (Thatgamecompany, 2012). This is a position created specifically for the development of the camera system.

«I designed the mode that the actor operates the avatar and the virtual camera, establishing an intimate connection with the character through direct feedback» (develop, 2014).

I of the advantages of such a position is that one person tin can keep track of the development of the camera organization. In addition, they constantly test the camera of the game and pass on feedback to the people involved in the development. On the other paw, this professional person field increases the number of people in the development team, which massively increases costs. It tin can also lead to increased coordination try.

Chapter five: Conclusion

The comparative analysis has shown that even in the latest 3D video games there are numerous camera issues. This is irritating because there are more and more than technical possibilities. The new video games inspire optically by their ever better graphics, however, the camera systems and camera views seem to exist given too little attention. In addition, many older video games show how camera problems can be solved or limited. These trouble-solving approaches could likewise be implemented in new video games.

The cameras in third-person games are often located at shoulder meridian of the principal character, slightly first to the left or right. This causes problems when focusing on a specific target. As a solution, the camera tin exist temporarily centered when approaching a door or during a fight, for instance. The camera can and then return to its previous position.

It has also been shown that the camera is oftentimes covered by objects.  1 solution for this is "Geometry Dithering", which makes objects appear transparent. Otherwise, the camera can also role in such a way that it can fly through objects, whereby a special "cut-out view" tin can exist used to indicate that the photographic camera is currently in an object. In certain games, there are besides solutions that allow the photographic camera to dodge the objects ("Camera Whiskers").

In order to preclude the actor from getting ill, a camera that is as stable as possible should be used. On the one mitt, a fixed camera tin can exist considered. Otherwise, a camera that moves with the main character with a delay is besides conceivable. A and so-called "Camera Boom" can likewise exist used.

Finally, it should be checked whether a separate position should be created in the development squad for a camera director who keeps rail of the development of the photographic camera system and has a analogous effect.

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• Mashable (2017). Why developers struggle to make video game cameras that don't badger yous. Retrieved on 09.eleven.2019 from von http://mashable.com/2017/04/03/video-game-cameras-suck/#vqug4BtT.mqz.
• Moby Games (2009). Batman: Arkahm Asylum Screenshots (Windows).  Retrieved on 09.eleven.2019 from http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/batman-arkham-asylum/screenshots.
• Nintendo (2006). Super Mario 64. Retrieved on 09.11.2019 from http://www.nintendo.ch/de/Spiele/Nintendo-64/Super-Mario-64-269745.html#Galerie.
• Windows Primal (2016). Final Fantasy 15 Review. Retrieved on 09.eleven.2019 from http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/batman-arkham-aviary/screenshots.
• YouTube (2017). For Award Single Player Campaign Knight Mission 1 Get to the Archers. Retrieved on 09.eleven.2019 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nag-pJfkzHc.

c) Video Game Directory

• 343 Industries (2015). Halo v: Guardians. Redmond: Microsoft Studios.
• Bungie Studios (2001). Halo: Kampf um dice Zukunft. Redmond: Microsoft Game Studios.
• CD Projekt RED (2015). The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. CD Projekt S. A.: Warsaw
• FromSoftware (2016). Dark Souls iii. Tokyo: Bandai Namco Amusement Inc.
• genDESIGN & SIE Japan Studio (2016). The Last Guardian. California: Sony Interactive Amusement.
• Nintendo Amusement Analysis & Development (1996). Super Mario 64. Kyoto: Nintendo Co. Ltd.
• Nintendo Amusement Analysis & Evolution (2002). Super Mario Sunshine. Kyoto: Nintendo Co. Ltd.
• Nintendo EAD Tokyo (2013). Super Mario 3D World. Kyoto: Nintendo Co. Ltd.
• Rare Ltd. (1991). Battletoads. Corsicana: Tradewest, Inc.
• Rocksteady Studios (2009). Batman Arkham Aviary. Wimbledon: Eidos Interactive Limited.
• SCE Santa Monica (2005). God of War. California: Sony Computer Entertainment.
• Square Enix Business concern Division two (2016). Last Fantasy Xv. Tokyo: Square Enix.
• Thatgamecompany (2012). Journey. California: Sony Interactive Entertainment.
• The Coalition (2016). Gears of War iv. Redmond: Microsoft Studios.
• Ubisoft Montreal (2017). For Honour. Rennes: Ubisoft.
• Ubisoft Quebec (2015). Assassinator'southward Creed Syndicate. Rennes: Ubisoft.
• ZeniMax Online Studios (2014). Elder Scrolls Online. Maryland: Bethesda Softworks LLC.

Source: https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/third-person-camera-view-in-games---a-record-of-the-most-common-problems-in-modern-games-solutions-taken-from-new-and-retro-games

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